Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
EURASIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH, cilt.10, sa.38, ss.71-89, 2010 (SSCI)
Problem Statement: In cross-cultural studies such as PISA, it is not possible to use a single form, since the scales are applied to different countries, and it is necessary to translate the form into the language of the country that will use it. Language differences may have a strong impact on measurement inequalities. Nevertheless, translated tests may not function in the same way, because of different culture and language characteristics of different countries. This situation may be described as the test not being equivalent, or fair, for different cultures. Translation is the first step of a long-lasting process in adapting the test to different cultures; the basic objective of adaptation is to preserve the structural equivalence between the versions of two or more languages, and to protect the test content.