Uddın R., Düzkaya H.
2025 13th International Conference on Smart Grid (icSmartGrid), Glasgow, England, 27 - 29 May 2025, pp.594-598, (Full Text)
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on lead have achieved remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) but face commercialization hurdles due to toxicity and stability concerns. In this study, we present a cost-effective, lead-free PSC architecture incorporating a dual-absorber stack of CsSnI3 and MASnI3, combined with inorganic charge transport layers: vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) as the hole transport layer (HTL), cadmium sulfide (CdS) as the electron transport layer (ETL), and selenium (Se) as the back contact. Using SCAPS-1D simulations under standard AM1.5G illumination at 300 K, we systematically optimize absorber thickness, doping concentrations, defect densities, series resistance, and metal work function. The optimized device-comprising 0.30μmCsSnI3,0.35μmASnI3,0.08μmV2O5,0.025μmCdS, and Se back contact (5.9 eV work function)-achieves a simulated PCE of 22.26 %, a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 34.81mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.79 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 80.76 %. The dual-absorber strategy broadens spectral absorption and enhances charge separation, while the inorganic transport layers and Se back contact deliver excellent energy level alignment, improved thermal stability, and reduced cost. Temperature-dependent analysis reveals robust performance between 275 K and 320 K. These findings establish a new benchmark for non-toxic, high-performance PSCs and offer practical guidance for next-generation lead-free photovoltaics.