Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
AESOP Annual Congress: Integrated Planning in the Context of Global Turbulence, Lodz, Polonya, 11 - 15 Temmuz 2023
Planning vibrant residential environments has been an ongoing quest and discourse in the field of urban planning. Many models have been developed from the last century onwards to find the principles to guide residential developments addressing the housing needs and responding to the socio-ecological problems of their time. The founding model is coined with Perry's self-contained, walking-distance Neighborhood Unit developed early in the 20th century. The model was implemented later in many new town developments which was later criticized mainly for its physically-deterministic approach and anti-urban layout fostering social segregation (Rohe, 2009). Based on the criticisms of the earlier models, New Urbanists developed the Planned Unit Development (PUD) in the 1960s which has been transformed into Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND) and Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) models after the 1980s. These new translations added the notions of ‘mix-use’ and ‘mass transit’ into the notion of ideal neighborhoods which were the missing components for attaining vitality. Besides their wide acceptance in Anglo-Saxon culture, there have also been cultural or context specific translations of general models such as the ‘wijkgedachte’ model developed by the group Opbouw (the Rotterdam section of the International Congresses of Modern Architecture/ CIAM) in the 1940s. The main resemblance of these models is their reliance on the principles of proximity and self-sufficiency for creating a vibrant neighborhood and a sense of community. The neighborhoods of the 20th century developed based on these ideal models are now facing socio-spatial deprivation often leading to the stigmatization of these environments. In our age of mobility, urbanites are also less dependent on their proximate environments as a resource base for their needs with the developments in infrastructure and communication technologies. The principles of proximity and self-sufficiency have lost their significance. Yet, the mobility constraints during the Covid-19 pandemic re-evoked the importance of proximity as well as vital residential environments. These discussions culminated into the 15–20-minute city models. The 15 minute model proposed initially by Moreno in 2016 is founded on the principles of ‘proximity, density, diversity and digitalisation’ (Moreno et. al, 2021). The model has been employed in major cities around the world after the pandemic. Learning from this crisis, neighborhoods should be recalibrated as a critical scale for the post-pandemic future of cities. In this regard, this research makes a retrospective comparative evaluation of the ideal neighborhood models from the 20th century till present, based on their similarities and contradictions, success and failures, to derive insights and implications. Integrating these insights into the recent discussions will enable resilient design of the vibrant residential environments for the future.
Keywords: Neighborhood Planning, Neighborhood Models, Neighborhood Unit, 15–20-minute city
References:
Moreno, C., Allam, Z., Chabaud, D., Gall, C., & Pratlong, F. (2021). Introducing the “15-Minute City”: Sustainability, resilience and place identity in future post-pandemic cities. Smart Cities, 4(1), 93-111.
Rohe, W. M. (2009) From Local to Global: One Hundred Years of Neighborhood Planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 75:2, 209-230.