Protective effects of ischemic pre-conditioning and boldine on unilateral renal ischemia reperfusion injury-induced brain damage: apoptotic, pyroptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative pathways

TEKİN E., KİP G., KÜÇÜK A., YIĞMAN Z., KAVUTÇU M., ARSLAN M.

Renal Failure, cilt.47, sa.1, 2025 (SCI-Expanded) identifier identifier identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 47 Sayı: 1
  • Basım Tarihi: 2025
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1080/0886022x.2025.2558098
  • Dergi Adı: Renal Failure
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Academic Search Premier, BIOSIS, CAB Abstracts, MEDLINE, Veterinary Science Database, Directory of Open Access Journals
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: apoptosis, boldine, brain, pre-conditioning, pyroptosis, Renal ischemia reperfusion injury
  • Gazi Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ischemic pre-conditioning and boldine on unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury-induced brain damage. Thirty rats were divided into five groups (n = 6 rats per group): sham, renal IR, pre-conditioning + renal IR, boldine + renal IR, and boldine + pre-conditioning + renal IR. The ischemia groups were subjected to 45 min of left kidney ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion. Pre-conditioning consisted of three sets of 2 min of ischemia and 5 min of reperfusion. Boldine (20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administered for 7 d. Tissues were collected for molecular analysis and histological evaluations. Brain Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase 3, Nrf2, NLRP3, and gasdermin D levels were analyzed via western blot. Interleukine (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were evaluated via ELISA. The levels of malondialdehyde and catalase in the kidney and brain were measured. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and p53 and NF-κB expressions in the kidney and brain were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by the Mann–Whitney U test with the Bonferroni correction. The decreases in apoptotic, pyroptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative markers indicated the positive effects of pre-conditioning and boldine. We concluded that pre-conditioning, like boldine, can be a potential option to ameliorate unilateral renal IR injury-induced brain damage.