Engineering tetrazole-anchored azo sensitizers for enhanced charge transfer and photovoltaic performance in dye-sensitized solar cells


Yurdakul E. B., Adak E., Ozel K., Atilgan A., Akdogan N., Erdogdu Y., ...More

Engineering Research Express, vol.8, no.13, pp.1-39, 2026 (ESCI)

  • Publication Type: Article / Article
  • Volume: 8 Issue: 13
  • Publication Date: 2026
  • Doi Number: 10.1088/2631-8695/ae7d8c
  • Journal Name: Engineering Research Express
  • Journal Indexes: Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)
  • Page Numbers: pp.1-39
  • Gazi University Affiliated: Yes

Abstract

Abstract Herein, we report the design and comprehensive investigation of a series of tetrazole-anchored azo dyes (O1Y-O4Y) to elucidate the role of donor substituents in governing interfacial chargetransfer processes in DSSCs. Combined experimental characterization and DFT/TD-DFT analyses reveal that tetrazole anchoring significantly strengthens electronic coupling with TiO₂, enabling highly favorable electron injection (ΔG inject = -1.34 to -1.39 eV) while effectively suppressing recombination. Among the series, the thioether-substituted O1Y dye delivers superior performance (JSC = 4.59 mA cm -2 , PCE = 1.75%), whereas halogen-substituted analogues exhibit diminished efficiency due to unfavorable energetic alignment and increased reorganization losses. Notably, O1Y achieves a 316% enhancement in efficiency relative to its nitrile-anchored counterpart. These findings establish anchoring-group engineering as a decisive strategy for modulating interfacial energetics and advancing the performance of DSSCs beyond conventional molecular design approaches.